Gallbladder Removal: Open Cholecystectomy: References

Kaafarani HM, Smith TS, Neumayer L, et al. Trends, outcomes, and predictors of open and conversion to open cholecystectomy in Veterans Health Administration hospitals. Am J Surg 2010; 200:32.

Risk factors for conversion to open surgery in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ibrahim S, Hean TK, Ho LS, Rivintharin T, et al. World J Surg. (2006)30: 1698-1704.

A Consumer Health Guide Gallstones. American College of Gastroenterology. Accessed 3/01/2014 from http://schools6.com/A-Consumer-Health-Guide-Gallstones---American-College-of-download-w29997.pdf

Gallstones. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) accessed 3/01/2014 from http://www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gallstones/index.aspx